Voltage, also known as electric potential difference or electromotive force (EMF), is a fundamental concept in electricity and electronics. It represents the difference in electric potential energy between two points in an electrical circuit or system. In simpler terms, voltage is the "push" or "force" that drives electric charges (electrons) to move through a conductor, creating an electric current.
Voltage is measured in volts (V). One volt is defined as the potential difference across a conductor when one ampere of current flows through it, and it dissipates one watt of power. Mathematically, voltage (V) is related to electric current (I) and resistance (R) by Ohm's law, which states:
V = I * R
Where:
V = Voltage (in volts)
I = Electric current (in amperes)
R = Resistance (in ohms)
In everyday life, we encounter voltage in various electrical devices and power sources. For example, the voltage supplied by a wall outlet in many countries is typically 110-120 volts (in North America) or 220-240 volts (in Europe and other regions). Batteries also provide a specific voltage, such as 1.5 volts for a common AA battery.
Voltage plays a crucial role in electrical systems, as it determines the flow of current and the behavior of various electrical components like resistors, capacitors, and diodes. Understanding voltage is essential for safe and efficient use of electrical equipment and for designing and analyzing electrical circuits and systems.