A surge protector, also known as a surge suppressor or surge arrester, is a device designed to protect electrical and electronic devices from voltage spikes and transient surges. These voltage spikes, which are often referred to as "surges" or "transients," can occur due to various reasons, such as lightning strikes, power grid fluctuations, or sudden changes in the electrical load.
The role of a surge protector is to divert excess voltage or transient surges away from the sensitive electronic equipment that is connected to it. Here's how a surge protector works:
Monitoring Voltage: Surge protectors constantly monitor the incoming electrical voltage. When the voltage remains within safe levels, the surge protector allows the electricity to flow through to the connected devices without any intervention.
Detecting Voltage Spikes: When a voltage spike or transient surge occurs, the surge protector detects the sudden increase in voltage beyond a certain threshold. This threshold is usually higher than the normal operating voltage to account for minor fluctuations.
Diverting Surges: Upon detecting a voltage spike, the surge protector reacts quickly by redirecting the excess voltage away from the connected devices. It provides a low-resistance pathway for the excess energy to follow, typically through a component called a metal oxide varistor (MOV) or a gas discharge tube.
Absorbing and Dissipating Energy: The MOV or gas discharge tube absorbs the excess energy from the surge and dissipates it as heat. This prevents the harmful voltage spike from reaching the connected devices.
Restoring Normal Operation: After the surge has been diverted and the excess energy dissipated, the surge protector returns to its normal state, ready to protect against the next surge.
It's important to note that surge protectors do not provide complete protection against all types of electrical disturbances. While they are effective against voltage spikes and transient surges, they might not be as effective against prolonged overvoltage conditions, sustained high-energy surges, or direct lightning strikes. In areas prone to frequent lightning activity, additional protective measures such as grounding systems and whole-house surge protection might be necessary.
When selecting a surge protector, it's recommended to consider factors such as the maximum surge energy it can handle (measured in joules), its clamping voltage (the voltage at which it starts diverting energy), and the number of outlets it provides. High-quality surge protectors are designed to absorb and handle larger surges, and they often come with warranties that cover connected equipment in case of damage due to surges.