Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) systems are designed to switch between primary and backup AC power sources seamlessly to ensure uninterrupted power supply to critical loads. These systems are commonly used in various applications such as data centers, hospitals, telecommunications, and industrial facilities. The seamless switch between power sources is essential to prevent downtime and maintain the continuous operation of the connected equipment.
Here's a general overview of how ATS systems switch between primary and backup AC power sources seamlessly:
Monitoring: The ATS continuously monitors the voltage and frequency of both the primary and backup power sources. It constantly compares these parameters to predefined thresholds to determine the quality and stability of the power sources.
Source Evaluation: The ATS evaluates the quality of the primary power source based on voltage level, frequency stability, and other parameters. If the primary power source deviates from acceptable levels (e.g., voltage drops or frequency fluctuations), the ATS initiates the transfer process.
Source Selection: When the ATS detects an issue with the primary power source, it prepares to switch to the backup power source. It sends a signal to the backup power source to start generating power if it's not already running.
Synchronization: Before making the switch, the ATS ensures that the backup power source is synchronized with the primary source in terms of voltage level, frequency, and phase angle. This synchronization is critical to prevent disruptions or power surges during the transition.
Break-Before-Make Switching: Most ATS systems use a "break-before-make" switching mechanism. This means that the ATS disconnects the load from the primary source before connecting it to the backup source. This break in the connection ensures that there is no backfeed or cross-connection between the two sources.
Transfer: Once synchronization is achieved and the primary source is disconnected, the ATS completes the transfer by connecting the load to the backup power source. This transfer typically happens within milliseconds to minimize any interruption to the connected equipment.
Monitoring and Restoration: After the transfer, the ATS continues to monitor both power sources. Once the primary source stabilizes and meets the predefined criteria again, the ATS can initiate a seamless transfer back to the primary source using a similar process.
Failures and Alarms: If there are issues during the transfer process, such as a failure to synchronize or a problem with the backup source, the ATS will generate alarms or notifications to alert maintenance personnel to address the issue.
The exact implementation of ATS systems can vary based on the manufacturer and the specific requirements of the application. These systems often use advanced control algorithms and electronic components to ensure reliable and swift switching between power sources while minimizing any disruption to the connected equipment.