A thermal power station, also known as a coal-fired power plant or steam power plant, generates electricity by converting heat energy into mechanical energy and then into electrical energy. The basic schematic arrangement of a thermal power station involves several key components and processes. Here's an overview of the main elements:
Boiler: The process begins in the boiler, where fuel (typically coal, oil, or natural gas) is burned to produce high-temperature and high-pressure steam.
Steam Turbine: The high-pressure steam produced in the boiler is directed to a steam turbine. The steam's energy causes the turbine's blades to spin, converting the thermal energy into mechanical energy in the form of rotation.
Generator: The steam turbine is connected to a generator. As the turbine spins, it drives the generator rotor, which is surrounded by a stationary magnetic field. This interaction induces the generation of electricity through electromagnetic induction.
Condenser: After passing through the steam turbine, the steam is condensed back into water in the condenser. This is achieved by transferring heat from the steam to a cooling medium (usually water from a nearby source). The condensed water is then returned to the boiler to be reheated and turned back into steam.
Cooling System: The heat extracted from the steam in the condenser is released to the environment through a cooling system. This can involve the use of cooling towers, where warm water from the condenser is sprayed into the air and allowed to cool by evaporation. Alternatively, a direct cooling water source like a river or a lake might be used.
Feedwater Pump: The condensed water, also known as feedwater, is pumped back into the boiler by feedwater pumps. This water is then heated again to produce steam, restarting the cycle.
Chimney: The exhaust gases from the combustion process, containing various pollutants like carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, are released into the atmosphere through a chimney or stack. Environmental regulations require that the emissions be treated and controlled to minimize their impact.
Control and Monitoring Systems: Various control and monitoring systems ensure the safe and efficient operation of the thermal power station. These systems regulate parameters such as steam pressure, temperature, fuel flow, and emissions to optimize power generation and maintain safety standards.
It's important to note that modern power plants may also incorporate additional components to improve efficiency and reduce emissions, such as scrubbers to remove pollutants from flue gases, and advanced control systems to optimize performance.
Keep in mind that the specific arrangement and components can vary depending on the type of fuel used, the technology employed, and the regulatory requirements of the region.