A solar panel, also known as a photovoltaic (PV) module, is a device that converts sunlight into electrical energy using the photovoltaic effect. The main components of a solar panel include:
Solar cells: These are the heart of the solar panel. Solar cells are semiconductor devices that directly convert sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. They are typically made from silicon or other semiconductor materials.
Encapsulation: Solar cells are encapsulated within a protective material, usually EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate) or similar polymers, to protect them from environmental factors such as moisture and mechanical damage.
Glass or transparent cover: The front of the solar panel is covered with high-transmission, tempered glass or another transparent material. This glass protects the solar cells from damage while allowing sunlight to pass through effectively.
Backsheet: The backside of the solar panel is covered with a backsheet, which is a layer of polymer or other materials that provide electrical insulation and protection against moisture and other environmental elements.
Frame: Solar panels are mounted within a sturdy frame, typically made of aluminum, to provide mechanical support and protect the panel during installation and transportation.
Busbars: These are thin metal strips that collect the electrical current generated by the solar cells and conduct it to the output terminals. Busbars are usually made of silver or copper.
Junction box: The junction box is located on the backside of the solar panel and houses electrical connections. It is where the output terminals, bypass diodes (used to prevent power loss in case of shading or individual cell failure), and other electronics may be integrated.
EVA (Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate) film: This is used to adhere the solar cells to the glass and backsheet, creating a sandwich-like structure within the panel.
Tedlar or TPT (Tedlar/Polyester/Tedlar) backsheet: It is the back layer of the solar panel, providing additional protection against environmental factors.
All these components work together to capture sunlight and convert it into usable electricity, making solar panels a clean and renewable energy source. When multiple solar panels are interconnected, they form a solar array that can generate more significant amounts of electrical power for various applications, from residential solar installations to large-scale solar farms.