A magnetostrictive system in aerospace engineering can be used to convert vibrations into electrical power through a process called "magnetostrictive energy harvesting." This involves utilizing the magnetostrictive effect, which is the property of certain materials to change their shape or dimensions when subjected to a magnetic field. This effect can be used to convert mechanical vibrations or strain into electrical energy.
Here's a basic overview of how a magnetostrictive energy harvesting system works:
Magnetostrictive Material: The system utilizes a magnetostrictive material, which is one that experiences a change in shape when subjected to a magnetic field. These materials exhibit a phenomenon called the Villari effect or the inverse magnetostrictive effect, where their magnetic properties change in response to mechanical deformation.
Mechanical Vibrations: In aerospace applications, there are often various sources of mechanical vibrations, such as those generated by engine operation, turbulence, or structural dynamics. These vibrations cause the magnetostrictive material to experience deformations or strains.
Magnetostrictive Transducer: The magnetostrictive material is integrated into a transducer device, often in the form of a rod or strip. When the material experiences mechanical strain due to vibrations, its magnetic properties change.
Magnetic Field: A permanent magnet or an electromagnet is placed in proximity to the magnetostrictive transducer. As the magnetostrictive material undergoes strain, its magnetic properties change, altering the magnetic field in the surrounding area.
Induction of Electrical Current: The changing magnetic field induces an electrical current in nearby coils or conductive elements through electromagnetic induction, following Faraday's law. This induced current can be harvested and stored as electrical energy.
Rectification and Storage: The induced alternating current (AC) is often rectified to direct current (DC) using diodes or other rectification components. This DC electrical energy can then be stored in batteries or capacitors for later use or fed into the aircraft's electrical system.
Optimization: Design considerations include selecting appropriate magnetostrictive materials, optimizing the shape and configuration of the transducer, and ensuring efficient coupling between the mechanical vibrations and the magnetic field.
Magnetostrictive energy harvesting systems are particularly useful in aerospace applications where vibrations are prevalent, as they provide a means to scavenge energy that would otherwise be dissipated. However, it's important to note that the efficiency of such systems depends on various factors, including the magnitude and frequency of the vibrations, the properties of the magnetostrictive material, and the overall design of the energy harvesting system.