A magnetostrictive system in industrial automation can convert vibrations into electrical power through a phenomenon called "magnetostriction." Magnetostriction is the property of certain materials to change their shape in response to an applied magnetic field.
The basic principle of how a magnetostrictive energy harvesting system works is as follows:
Magnetostrictive Material: The system includes a magnetostrictive material, which is typically a ferromagnetic alloy like Terfenol-D or Galfenol. These materials have the ability to change their shape when subjected to a magnetic field.
Vibrations: In an industrial environment, there are often mechanical vibrations present due to various processes and equipment. These vibrations cause the magnetostrictive material to undergo tiny deformations or strains.
Magnets and Coils: The magnetostrictive material is surrounded by permanent magnets and coils. The coils are typically wound around the magnetostrictive material.
Magnetic Field Variation: As the magnetostrictive material experiences mechanical vibrations, it undergoes slight changes in dimensions. This, in turn, causes the surrounding permanent magnets to alter the magnetic field in the region.
Induced Voltage: The changing magnetic field induces a voltage in the coils due to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. When the magnetic field changes, a voltage is generated across the coils.
Electrical Power Harvesting: The induced voltage in the coils can be harnessed and rectified to produce a usable electrical power output. This harvested electrical power can be used to power sensors, actuators, or other low-power devices in the industrial automation system.
It's important to note that magnetostrictive energy harvesting systems are typically designed to capture small amounts of power from low-frequency vibrations. While they may not produce large amounts of power, they can be valuable in applications where small amounts of energy are sufficient to power low-power devices, reducing the need for battery replacements or external power sources. The efficiency of such systems depends on various factors, including the material properties, the design of the magnetostrictive element, and the vibration characteristics of the industrial environment.